Poland generates 70%+ of electricity from coal — the highest in the EU. But a massive transition is underway: first nuclear plant, Baltic offshore wind, and billions in grid modernization.
Poland remains the most coal-dependent major economy in the EU. Fossil fuels dominate energy consumption, but the trend is shifting.
Poland's CO2 emissions per capita are above the EU average but have been declining. The coal-to-gas transition and renewables investment are driving the reduction.
Coal dependency and household heating push PM2.5 levels well above the WHO guideline of 5 ug/m3. This is the direct health cost of Poland's energy mix.
Renewable energy is growing fast — solar installations have exploded, and the Baltic offshore wind program will add 11 GW by 2040. Poland's first nuclear plant is under construction.
Electricity from renewables and net energy imports show how Poland balances energy security with decarbonization.
Negative energy imports indicate net exports. Higher import dependency means greater energy security risk. Poland has reduced import dependency through domestic coal and growing renewables.